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macでmatplotlibをインポートしようとした際に、以下の様なエラーが出た。

In [7]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
RuntimeError                              Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-eff513f636fd> in <module>()
----> 1 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

/Users/umentu/.machine_learning/lib/python3.5/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py in <module>()
    112
    113 from matplotlib.backends import pylab_setup
--> 114 _backend_mod, new_figure_manager, draw_if_interactive, _show = pylab_setup()
    115
    116 _IP_REGISTERED = None

/Users/umentu/.machine_learning/lib/python3.5/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/__init__.py in pylab_setup()
     30     # imports. 0 means only perform absolute imports.
### MATPLOTLIBRC FORMAT
     31     backend_mod = __import__(backend_name,
---> 32                              globals(),locals(),[backend_name],0)
     33
     34     # Things we pull in from all backends

/Users/umentu/.machine_learning/lib/python3.5/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_macosx.py in <module>()
     22
     23 import matplotlib
---> 24 from matplotlib.backends import _macosx
     25
     26

RuntimeError: Python is not installed as a framework. The Mac OS X backend will not be able to function correctly if Python is not installed as a framework. See the Python documentation for more information on installing Python as a framework on Mac OS X. Please either reinstall Python as a framework, or try one of the other backends. If you are Working with Matplotlib in a virtual enviroment see 'Working with Matplotlib in Virtual environments' in the Matplotlib FAQ

matplotlibrcの編集

pythonをインストールした環境にもよるが、以下のようにfindコマンドをかければ見つかる。
（今回は、~/.machine_learning に pyvenv で構築した。）

~/.machine_learning/ -name matplotlibrc
/Users/umentu/.machine_learning//lib/python3.5/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/matplotlibrc

vi /Users/umentu/.machine_learning//lib/python3.5/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/matplotlibrc

backend を macosx から backend に変更。

#backend       : macosx
backend      : TkAgg

これでmatplotlibが使える。